61-90 \text{days past due} & 60,000 & 15 \\ a. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of thought. Despite their strong feelings on this matter, Stefan argues successfully for positive ads. Obedience is the change of an individual's behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure. What is the value of the inventory using the averagecost method? Changing your behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences. Which of the following might raise questions about the results? 117-122. b. Also, several Supreme Court briefs, as well as over 180 law reviews have referenced them. Such findings cast Milgram's results in a new light. Jerry wants to make sure he does better than everyone else in his department. The fact that members of an organization who blow the whistle on problematic practices are often treated harshly by the rest of the group illustrates the power of group If the group is isolated from hearing alternative or new viewpoints, groupthink may be more likely. \text{Over 180 days past due} & \underline{24,000} & 80 \\ Poirier, S. & Garlepy, Y. The Milgram experiment was a famous and controversial study that explored the effects of authority on obedience. They wanted to understand if a person could be coerced to. Obedience is the change of an individuals behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of basic research? Or are you more likely to do less work because you know others will pick up the slack? It later came to light that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction, but not until the invasion was well underway. Isabelle Adam (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) via Flickr. Obedience lite. b. central route persuasion Burger (2009) partially replicated this study. . Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory? 2011;50:140-162. doi:10.1348/014466610X492205, Haslam SA, Reicher SD. b. divided among many weak and immediate targets. a. Loafing; better Rebellion and Obedience: The Effects of Intention Prediction in Cooperative Handheld Robots Janis Stolzenwald and Walterio W. Mayol-Cuevas AbstractWithin this work, we explore intention infer- However, the study has led to additional research on how situational factors can affect obedience to authority. 5. One potential problem with self-report measures is that 91-180 \text{days past due} & 36,000 & 40 \\ A fourth, and final, application of Milgram's research is that it suggests specific preventive actions people can take to resist unwanted pressures from authorities: Question the authority's legitimacy. Which line on the righta, b, or cis the same length as line x on the left? d. social facilitation, ex4. Since there is no way to truly replicate the experiment due to its serious ethical and moral problems, determining whether Milgram's experiment really tells us anything about the power of obedience is impossible to determine. c. tend to be reported in the same incidence in most cultures In the 1960s, psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies on the concepts of obedience and authority. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. and directly from Latin oboedientia "obedience," noun of quality from . She considers three optionsasking for the pen outright without any reasoning, telling him that she needs the pen "to write something," or telling him that she needs it "to sign a letter." Two out of three (65%) participants continued to administer shocks to an unresponsive learner. While many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught, and angry at the experimenter, they nevertheless continued to follow orders all the way to the end. Some psychologists suggested that in spite of the changes made in the replication, the study still had merit and could be used to further explore some of the situational factors that also influenced the results of Milgram's study. The participants were told to shock the learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test itemthat the shock would help them to learn. While Milgrams research raised serious ethical questions about the use of human subjects in psychology experiments, his results have also been consistently replicated in further experiments. The experimenter then responded with a series of commands to prod the participant along: In the Milgram experiment, obedience was measured by the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. Group polarization (Teger & Pruitt, 1967) is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. 1 Asch took a Gestalt approach to the study of social behavior, suggesting that social acts needed to be viewed in terms of their setting. a. Read our. What factors would increase or decrease someone giving in or conforming to group pressure? Clearly, the implications of Milgram's research have been greatest for understanding of the Holocaust. Harding (2018) compared groups of students who had self-selected into groups for class to those who had been formed by flocking, which involves assigning students to groups who have similar schedules and motivations. AgeIntervalNotpastdue130dayspastdue3160dayspastdue6190dayspastdue91180dayspastdueOver180dayspastdueBalance$1,250,000500,000190,00060,00036,00024,000$2,060,000PercentUncollectible3/4%35154080. How do you know when groupthink is occurring? Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? Based on research on counterfactual thinking, in which scenario is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer? If other people show concern and get up to leave, you are likely to do the same. a. Milgram suggested that the subjects were "de-hoaxed" after the experiments. Sleep on the ability to concentrate b. For example, one study found that wearing a fireman's uniform significantly increased a person's persuasive powers to get a passerby to give change to another person so he could feed a parking meter. d. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, obtaining a credible promoter and gnereating strong arguments will both be more crucial than if the change will happen in five years, B. Would he need to adopt a different strategy if he instead wanted to implement the change in the next academic year? c. groupthink For example, following World War II, the United States and the former Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear arms race. There are several strategies that can improve group decision making including seeking outside opinions, voting in private, having the leader withhold position statements until all group members have voiced their views, conducting research on all viewpoints, weighing the costs and benefits of all options, and developing a contingency plan (Janis, 1972; Mitchell & Eckstein, 2009). These variations show that when the humanity of the person being shocked was increased, obedience decreased. When the teachers and learners hands were touching, the highest shock rate dropped to 30%. Milgram's participants were in a group but Gamson . Crowd psychology in South African murder trials. a. No. Stanley Milgram was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University. Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady indicates that Studies similar to Milgram's findings have since been conducted all over the world (Blass, 1999), with obedience rates ranging from a high of 90% in Spain and the Netherlands (Meeus & Raaijmakers, 1986) to a low of 16% among Australian women (Kilham & Mann, 1974). Deindividuation refers to situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others. This case is still very applicable today. d. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes, D. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers don't endorse these stereotypes, ex2. The shock panel, as shown in Figure 7.7 "The Shock Apparatus Used in Milgram's Obedience Study", was presented in front of the teacher, and the learner was not visible in the shock room. Another phenomenon of group conformity is groupthink. 2009;64(1):1-11. doi:10.1037/a0010932, Elms AC. Research shows that the size of the majority, the presence of another dissenter, and the public or relatively private nature of responses are key influences on conformity. We often give too wide a berth to people who project a commanding presence, either by their demeanor or by their mode of dress and follow their . Milgram, S. (1963). (1978) found that if an experimenter approaches people with a request with no justifiable reason, they often respond. She wants to pay off our$114,000 mortgage, but Im not eager to do that because we refinanced only nine months ago, paying $3,000 in fees and costs. Briefly discuss what effect the$3,000 refinancing cost should have on this couples investment decision. Have been observed in more than 450 animal species Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups. Conformity is one effect of the influence of others on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. c. peripheral route persuasion Failure to conform can lead to ostracism, ex3. Milgram's work is also not truly replicable due to its ethical problems. In normative social influence, people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group. d. Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the in group is perceived as better than the outgroup, B. Harper & Row. His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. However, other psychologists argue that both external and internal factors heavily influence obedience, such as personal beliefs and overall temperament. The presence of another dissenter: If there is at least one dissenter, conformity rates drop to near zero (Asch, 1955). Once people have accepted the right of an authority to direct our actions, Milgram argued, we relinquish responsibility to him or her and allow that person to define for us what is right or wrong. However, longitudinal research on Kohlberg's theory has since been carried out by Colby et al. Mr. Belding's actions reflect his understanding of She doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior, ex3. The nave participant then had to identify aloud the line segment that best matched the target line segment. Doliski et al. 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). When a person wants to be liked more than they want to be percieved as competent, which self-presentation strategy should be employed? 5. Determine where the graph of the given function is concave upward and concave downward. 1999;29(5):955-978. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00134.x, Burger J. Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today?. Participants assumed that the experimenter was a competent expert. A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to help save the squirrels. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation and you immediately feel attracted to him/her, ex4. There is, however, an upper limit: a point where adding more members does not increase conformity. The shocks were said to be painful, not dangerous. New York: Harper/Collins. Individuality Leads To Rebellion In George Orwell's 1984. Imagine that you are in a movie theater watching a film and what seems to be smoke comes in the theater from under the emergency exit door. 7. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Then, a more senior midwife and supervisor asked the junior midwives to do something they had previously stated they were opposed to. American Psychologist. Maureen's behavior is an example of Recently, some theorists have argued that group polarization may be partly responsible for the extreme political partisanship that seems ubiquitous in modern society.
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