WebBUREAU OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION. Additionally the Bureau acted as a consumer fraud bureau [NDCC 54-12] in cooperation with other agencies in the detection, investigation, and enforcement of laws and regulations. 141). The Bureau became the central repository for collection, maintenance, and dissemination of criminal history information and the Attorney General as the Superintendent of the BCI had responsibility to establish rules and regulations and to appoint the chief, special agents, and other employees as specified in the Century Code (S. L. 1987, Ch. 116). 288), Physical Therapist (S. L. 2017, Ch. 2005 Legislation made changes to criminal history checks conducted by the Bureau or the FBI specifically for a permit, license, employment, or an adoption (S. L. 2005, Ch 111). ND Surplus Property (LESO/1033 Program) North Dakota Century Code:Title 39 Traffic Laws. Hours: The investigation expanded, eventually involving the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, Logan County Sheriffs Office and the Napoleon Police Nov 2015 - Present7 years 4 months. While driving around Bismarck with plans to accost and kill the second man from the dream, Bridges noticed that Clay had discovered a hatchet in the back of the van, according to the account. Bridges, 42, of Missoula, Mont., appeared in court and told a judge he wanted to "get this over with" despite not having an attorney, the Bismarck Tribune reported. BCI operated as a division of the State Laboratories Department (S. L. 1973, Ch. 154). The NDSLIC Executive Board has the primary responsibility for the overall operation of the NDSLIC including, but not limited to, its information systems, personnel, and operations. US DOT Distracted Driving Program. WebNorth Dakota Criminal History Record Checks. 95), Medicaid Services (S. L. 2017, Ch. "Bureau" means the bureau of criminal investigation. The system was designed for the apprehension, arrest, conviction, and detention of all persons believed to be guilty of criminal acts. 116). WebState of North Dakota Private Investigation and Security Board (NDPISB) - 513 East Bismarck Expressway, Suite 5 | Bismarck ND, 58504 | 701-222-3063 (Phone/Fax) Prerequisites: CJ 201, CJ 210, CJ 220, and CJ 270; or Forensic Science major with junior/senior standing. WebThe Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI) processes the applications and issues concealed weapon licenses. A state Superintendent of Criminal Identification was appointed in 1929 by the Governor George Shafer for a two-year term. Legislation required peace officers to attend the police schools. Grabowska is active with the ND Peace Officers Association (POA) and is the 2016 recipient of the ND POA Lone Eagle Award. Duties were to effectively provide for the collection, filing, and preservation of criminal records. Please remember, though, that the English language version is considered the most accurate. An official website of the State of North Dakota. WebIn 1971 the North Dakota State Bureau of Criminal Identification and Apprehension was renamed the Bureau of Criminal Investigation. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. WebClassification of Offenses updated 2/2020. The Superintendent had an office at the State Penitentiary in Bismarck (S. L. 1929. Be free of mental condition or defect, which would interfere with the individual's ability to provide services in a professional and competent manner. But Myers said in a third interview, he confronted Bridges about the inconsistencies between the wreck and Clay's injuries and that Bridges gave a different story. 2011 Vehicle emergency lights were added to vehicles operated by BCI (S. L. 2011, Ch. It also amended numerous sections of the Century Code relating to the state toxicologist and the state crime laboratory (S. L. 2005, Ch. Lonnie was promoted to Chief Agent in October 2007, supervising field agents and administrative personnel in locations across western North Dakota, as well as the Concealed Weapons and Sex Offender Registration sections and the 24/7 Sobriety Program and Prescription Drug Take Back program. Bismarck, North Dakota Area. The State of North Dakota provides automatic translation for nd.gov websites, courtesy of Google Translate. WebIn September, 1989 Carlson began his career with the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI). The Diocese has not yet released any updates on that investigation. This case is being investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation with assistance from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, and the case is being prosecuted by the United States Attorneys office, with Assistant United States 146). Applicants who practice before the IRS must be in good standing with the IRS (meaning not currently Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto An individual providing private investigative services must obtain a license from the board to provide those services unless the individual is registered as an employee of an agency which is licensed under this chapter and is providing those services within the scope of his or her employment with the agency. NORTH DAKOTA BUREAU OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Williams Burke Renville Bottineau Rolette Towner Cavalier Pembina Mountrail Ramsey Ward 162). 1-800-472-2600 within ND only Consumer Protection 1-800-472-2600 within ND only, BCI Tip Line 123). 287 and Ch. Please enter valid email address to continue. Legislation repealed the Board of Managers and the duties of the Board (S.L. Tim Myers, a special agent with the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, testified in a preliminary hearing Thursday that Bridges insisted Clay died in the crash in two separate interviews. 2015 A new section [NDCC 54-12] added to the Century Code was created and concerned a criminal justice data information sharing system (S. L. 2015, Ch. 96), and Tax Commissioner (S. L. 2017, Ch. In 1971 the North Dakota State Bureau of Criminal Identification and Apprehension was renamed the Bureau of Criminal Investigation. 332). Investigation by state fire marshal - Complaint to state's attorneybureau of criminal investigation - Records of arson prosecutions. Only an authorized individual employed by a criminal justice agency as defined in the Code [NDCC 12-60-16.1] could access the information. North Dakota Crash Statistics (current year) Obtain a Crash Report. In the event of a disagreement or discrepancy between the translation and the original English version of this web site or any notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. The State of North Dakota provides automatic translation for nd.gov websites, courtesy of Google Translate. Qualifications to become a private investigator: 93-02-01.1-01. 1975 Legislation regarding major criminal statute revisions (S. L. 1975, Ch. WebA North Dakota criminal history record check may be name-based or fingerprint based. Clay took a swing at Bridges, who stabbed Clay multiple times with a knife, then crashed his van and struck Clay's neck with the hatchet in an attempt to break his neck. Legislation also provided for a Consumer Fraud Bureau. At least 10 dead after winter storm slams South, Midwest, The Saturday Six: Dental device controversy, scientist's bug find and more, Indonesia fuel depot fire kills 18; more than a dozen missing, 3 children killed, 2 others wounded at Texas home, How a Minnesota hockey league helped a Ukrainian refugee feel at home, Biden had cancerous skin lesion removed last month, doctor says, Duo of 81-year-old women plan to see the world in 80 days, Tom Sizemore, actor known for "Saving Private Ryan" and "Heat," dies at 61, Trump met with early primary state GOP leaders, Colombia wants to deport "cocaine hippos" to stop them from multiplying, Alex Murdaugh sentenced to life in prison for murders of wife and son, Alex Murdaugh testifies 4 years after fatal boat crash involving son, Alex Murdaugh found guilty of murders of wife and son. 556). The BCI is a division of the Attorney Generals office. In the event of a disagreement or discrepancy between the translation and the original English version of this web site or any notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. Phone: 701-328-2916 Fax: 701-328-3615 Email: In 2003 legislation repealed the state crime laboratory and the provision of laboratory facilities and technical personnel (S. L. 2003, Ch. Address: Judge Cynthia Feland repeatedly questioned Bridges' decision to proceed without a lawyer, but Bridges insisted on representing himself rather than requesting a court-appointed attorney. contact the North Dakota Secretary of State at (701) 328-2901. Powers, duties, and functions were enumerated and included cooperating with federal, other states, and North Dakota entities, and establishing, cooperating, and carrying out a complete system of criminal identification. WebThe North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation works with law enforcement agencies across the state on unsolved missing person and homicide cases. I feel privileged to work with all the highly specialized and professionally trained personnel at BCI, and I am very thankful to have been given the opportunity to lead BCI as we work to meet the challenges of the ever-changing field of criminal investigations, said Grabowska. Police said Clay's injuries did not match the severity of the crash, casting doubt on Bridges' claim that he had died in the wreck. State Archives: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. M-F, except state holidays; 2nd Sat. First published on August 10, 2012 / 10:30 AM. 512). 1-800-472-2185 within ND only BCI Tip Line 1-800-472-2185 within ND only, Concealed Weapons Section [Authorized: NDCC Chapter 12-60] Ohio According to the website for the Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI) is the state's central repository for criminal history information, a system that compiles records of arrests and prosecutions of individual offenders for use by law enforcement, the courts, and the public. Web2. Legislation required that the state crime laboratory division be administratively separated from the Bureau of Criminal Investigation with the director serving at the pleasure of the Attorney General. 113 and Ch. North Dakota State Legislature Session Laws. The criminal history information is submitted to BCI by local law enforcement agencies, state's attorneys, the courts, parole and probation, and others. Pfiefer was taken to the Pierce County Jail, where he awaits formal charges. If any investigation made pursuant to the provisions of section 18-01-07 is insufficient in the of each month, 10 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Post Office Box 29500. WebNorth Carolina. Grabowska has served BCI for more than 15 years, beginning as a special agent in 2003 assigned to the Drug Task Force, before being promoted to Chief Agent in 2007, and to Deputy Director in August 2012. A statement was released by Fargo Bishop John Folda after the Diocese was informed of the charges against the priest. Jason Prochnow at 252-2414 or N.D. BCI Special Agent Troy Kelly at 251-2993. 259). It remained under the authority of the Attorney General (S. L. 1971, Ch. BCI was assigned to the Office of the Attorney General (S. L. 1971, Ch. Grabowska takes over from Dallas Carlson, who was confirmed as US Marshal for North Dakota earlier this month. Grabowska served four years in the United States Navy before embarking on a career in law enforcement. The State of North Dakota provides automatic translation for nd.gov websites, courtesy of Google Translate. I am currently assigned to the Cyber Division as a Computer Forensic Examiner. 123). Burleigh County Assistant State's Attorney Lloyd Suhr said although Bridges told investigators he killed Clay and planned to kill another man based on a dream, he understood the consequences of his actions and knew what he was doing. Other state agencies included the Department of Transportation, State Court, and the Department of Emergency Services as well as any other individual approved by the Attorney General. The Board of Managers of the Bureau consisted of four members, the Attorney General, and three members appointed by the Governor. Please pray for all involved.. 246), Board of Nursing (S. L. 2017, Ch. In July 2000, Carlson was promoted to Chief Agent The Board of Managers had responsibility to advise the Attorney General and the Superintendent of the Bureau of Criminal Identification and Apprehension with respect to the operation and conduct of the Bureau. WebNorth Dakota Lottery: (701) 328-1574 Winning Numbers Hotline: (701) 328-1111; State Crime Laboratory: (701) 328-6159; Bureau of Criminal Investigation PO Box 1054 93-02-01.1-02 Licensing of individual providing private investigative services. In 1931 the Legislature expanded the role of the Superintendent by providing two assistant superintendents and other employees (S. L. 1931, Ch. Criminal Investigation. After talking with state and local law enforcement officials and prosecutors, Lonnie became the best person to step into the Directors position, said Stenehjem. 3 Credits. All appointments were two year terms and the Governor filled all Board vacancies by appointment. email: history@nd.gov, Social Media: FBI statistics show the state had 10 murders or non-negligent homicides in 2010, the most recent year for which full data is available. Information Services Section. Bureau Of Criminal Investigation Lonnie K. Grabowska, Director PO Box 1054 Bismarck ND 58502-1054 Phone: 701-328-5500 Fax: 701-328 Previous St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Photography Section & General Assignment Unit. Legislation also required that the Bureau be responsible for consumer education and investigation and litigation concerning matters of consumer fraud (S. L. 1965, Ch.111). The Superintendent of the Bureau with the approval of the Attorney General had responsibility for the rules and regulations (S. L. 1965, Ch.111) and for the prevention of consumer fraud and unlawful credit practices (S. L. 1965, Ch. 37). 1931 Legislation expanded the role of the Superintendent (S. L. 1931, Ch. 1971, Ch. North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation Website. In 1973 the Legislature permitted the Attorney General in consultation with the Bureau of Criminal Investigation to establish a scientific laboratory [NDCC 12-60-21] in order to better assist in the investigation or detection of crimes and the apprehension or prosecution of criminals. The NDSLIC focuses on preventing acts of terrorism, taking an all-crimes, all-hazard approach. An official website of the State of North Dakota. 106, 673) repealed a subsection of the Century Code [NDCC 12-60-14]. Requirements were established for disseminating criminal history record information to parties other than those authorized by the Code [NDCC 12-60-16.6]. 1967 Changes concerned the powers and duties [NDCC 12-60-07] of the Bureau of Criminal Identification (S. L. 1967, Ch. Ch. New legislation in 1967 concerned the selection of a Board of Managers, the terms of office, the duty of the Board, the duties of the Attorney General, appointment of the employees by the Attorney General, the powers and duties of the Bureau and certain employees, and all functions and duties as specified (S. L. 1967, Ch. 113) and to cooperate in establishing an automated regional system for a fingerprint identification system (S. L. 1995, Ch. A new section [NDCC 54-12] Century Code was created regarding a criminal justice data information sharing system with the Attorney General and maintaining the system within the Bureau of Criminal Investigation. Have not committed an act which the board determines is indicative of bad moral character and which has a direct bearing on the applicant's ability to serve the public, including but not limited to offenses other than those listed in subsection three of this section. 94), Job Service (S. L. 2017, Ch. For individuals who are licensed or registered by the board on the effective date of this section, or who are officers or owners of at least a ten-percent interest in a licensed agency on the effective date of this section, this section applies only to convictions or adjudication of guilt which occur after the effective date of this section. 1933 The State Superintendent of Criminal Identification was created (S. L. 1933, Ch. On Feb. 1, Pfeifer was arrested in Rugby with assistance from the Rugby Police Department and the Pierce County Sheriffs Office. 94), State Court Administrator (S. L. 2017, Ch. To receive and maintain any license or registration from the board to provide private investigative services, an individual first must: The requirements in this section are in addition to any other qualifications established in this chapter. 1987 Legislation made significant changes to the activities of the Bureau and the relationship with federal, national, and local offices by making the Bureau the central repository for collection, maintenance, and dissemination of criminal history information and requiring the Bureau to coordinate and work with other agencies (S. L. 1987, Ch. An overview and examination of basic principles and techniques in the criminal investigations procedures and the rules of the law of evidence in criminal court proceedings. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. 376). For information on closures for each of our state museums and historic sites, please visit their Facebook pages. Appointments are recommended. Legislation specified the organization, duties, and responsibilities of the Bureau. WebSection 18-01-09 of the North Dakota Century Code is amended and reenacted as follows: 18-01-09. (CBS/AP) BISMARCK, N.D.- John Bridges, a Montana man who told investigators that a dream led him to kidnap and kill a man in North Dakota, pleaded guilty to murder and kidnapping charges Thursday. North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, North Dakota Highway Conditions and Road Construction, North Dakota State and Local Intelligence Center (NDSLIC), Official Directory of State Patrol and State Police Sites, Statewide Automated Victim Information & Notification System (SAVIN), Statewide Interoperability Executive Committee, Classification of Offenses updated 2/2020, North Dakota Century Code:Title 39 Traffic Laws, North Dakota Crash Statistics (current year), Copyright 2019North Dakota Highway Patrol 4. Father Pfeifer remains out of ministry as pastor of the Basilica of St. James in Jamestown, St. Margaret Mary in Buchanan, and St. Mathias in Windsor, pending the outcome of the criminal investigation, and the Diocese of Fargo is cooperating fully with the investigation. 600 E Blvd Ave, Dept 504, Bismarck, ND 58505 | 701-328-2447. 123) as well as the management of the Bureau and serving as President of the Board of Managers. See all social media accounts, 2023 State Historical Society of North Dakota. Bismarck, North Dakota 58505 600 E Blvd Ave, Dept 504, Bismarck, ND 58505 | 701-328-2447. According to court documents, Google alerted the BCI of 16 images of child pornography that were uploaded from a cell phone to a Google Crime Information & Identification Section. This office does not have Lonnie is an ordained Deacon for the Diocese of Bismarck and was volunteer a Chaplain with the Crisis Care Chaplaincy, which provides faith-based crisis counseling for emergency service agencies in the Bismarck area. 1963 The responsibility of Office of the Superintendent of Criminal Identification was transferred from the State Warden to the Attorney General (S. L. 1963, Ch. With over twenty years of law enforcement experience, including ten years as a supervisor and the past five years as Deputy Director at BCI, Lonnie was an obvious choice. 115). Currently the NDSLIC is comprised of staff from the following agencies: Copyright 2018 North Dakota State and Local Intelligence Center-NDSLIC PO Box 5511 | Bismarck, ND 58506-5511 | 701.328.8172, North Dakota Department ofEmergency Services, North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, North Dakota Information Technology Department, United States Department of Homeland Security. Appointed members included the chief of police for a city, a sheriff, and a state's attorney. A new section was added to the Century Code [NDCC 39-03] relating to the provision of training at the Law Enforcement Training Center and a repeal [NDCC 12-61] of the statute relating to the Combined Law Enforcement Council (S. L. 1981, Ch. Bridges faces life in prison without parole. According to a statement from the Jamestown Police Department, a report was made from an individual alleging an sexual assault in December, 2022 at St. James Basilica in Jamestown. 2003 Legislation repealed the state crime laboratory and the provision for laboratory facilities and technical personnel (S. L. 2003, Ch. The Bureau in cooperation with other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies established an operating system of criminal identification and apprehension to assist other law officers in the investigation of crimes. It conducts or schedules training of all types for law enforcement in North Dakota and is responsible for conducting criminal and narcotics investigations, for training criminal justice personnel, for maintaining training and licensing records for peace officers, for administrating federal grant funds for criminal justice programs, and for maintaining criminal justice information systems. 141). Killings are rare in North Dakota. 125). The North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation is investigating the shooting. The licensing department was to assist trained peace officers in their powers and duties by aiding in detecting and apprehending persons illegally possessing or disposing of drugs. 1969 The Superintendent of the Bureau continued to serve as a member for North Dakota Combined Law Enforcement Council (S. L. 1969, Ch. Legislation concerned criminal history record checks specifically for the Early Childhood Services (S. L. 2017, Ch. Anyone with any information regarding these incident(s) are encouraged to contact Jamestown Police Sgt. The Bureau also conducted police training schools, maintained identification files on individuals convicted of issuing bad checks, assisted in licensing, and consumer fraud investigations (S. L. 1971, Ch. In the event of a disagreement or discrepancy between the translation and the original English version of this web site or any notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. October 25, 2018. WebCJ 352. / CBS News. A Board of Managers governed the Bureau and terms of office and duties of the Board were established. 195). 556) and a consumer fraud and anti-trust division was created replacing BCI as the Consumer Fraud Bureau (S. L. 1983, Ch. The organization, duties, and responsibilities were specified. August 10, 2012 / 10:30 AM The Bureau of Criminal Investigation works with all North Dakota judges, prosecutors, and other law enforcement to establish a system of criminal identification. The NDSLIC, re-authorized by Governor Jack Dalrymple on March 25, 2014, in Executive Order 2014-06, is set up to help the efforts of the United States government to establish a national network of Fusion Centers, which will serve as the central hub of North Dakotas fusion process and serve as the primary interface between North Dakota and the Federal Government for information gathering, analysis and dissemination. These cases are Feb. 26, 2023, at 4:42 p.m. 3 Men Arrested After Extended North Dakota Police Chase. 116). 2017 A new section to [NDCC 39-03] of the Century Code concerned the SILVER Alert Notice System relating to missing vulnerable elderly adults or minors with developmental disabilities (S. L. 2017, Ch. Where can I obtain a criminal background check. In the performance of the investigation, it was discovered that the same offender had potentially committed criminal acts in other jurisdictions. It remained under the authority of the Attorney General (S. L. 1971, Ch. 409). BCI activated the BLUE Alert in cooperation with the Highway Patrol and the Division of State Radio of the Department of Emergency Services (S. L. 2015, Ch. Find out if you are ELIGIBLE and how to apply for, or renew, Newsletter. Crime Reporting Unit. To obtain a criminal background check, contact the ND Bureau of Please remember, though, that the English language version is considered the most accurate. Contact Us: (S. L. 2015, Ch. 134). While serving as a Special Agent Carlson was assigned to the Dickinson, Williston, and Minot offices of Bureau of Criminal Investigation working both general and narcotic investigations. 141). Other legislation defined benefits of a retirement plan relating to peace officers employed by the Bureau of Criminal Investigation (S. L. 2009, Ch. State Historical Society offices: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F, except state holidays. 125). The Bureau was to work and cooperate with the Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training as established in the 1963 Supplement to the Century Code [NDCC 54-50-02] and in other related fields as the Commission and the Bureau deemed feasible. In the event of a disagreement or discrepancy between the translation and the original English version of this web site or any notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. I am truly honored to take over the role of Director of BCI from Dallas Carlson. WebNorth Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation. 2012 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. Requesting a National 114) for the purpose of assisting and conducting police schools for training peace officers and concerning powers and duties by using approved methods for detection, identification, and apprehension of criminals. Media Contact: Liz Brocker (701) 328-2213. 3. Legislation established and defined the powers of the office (S. L. 1933, Ch. 62.1-04-03 The Attorney General could upon request make available to an official the facilities and personnel to assist in the investigation or detection of a crime and in the apprehension or prosecution of criminals at the request of a state's attorney, sheriff, chief of police or other local, state or federal law enforcement official. Each individual who is required to meet the qualifications of this section has a continuing duty to notify the board of any conviction or adjudication of guilt of an offense described in subsection three of this section within fourteen days of the conviction or adjudication. WebNorth Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation 1720 Burlington Dr, Suite B Bismarck, ND 58504 Mailing Address BCI Offender Registration PO Box 1054 Bismarck, ND 58502 1971, Ch. 376). ", "I've already given a full confession," he said. Be a high school graduate or hold the equivalent of a high school diploma. Neil Joseph Pfeifer, 48, Jamestown, was arrested in Rugby on Feb. 1 on suspicion of committing sexual exploitation by a therapist in Stutsman County. "Court" means the supreme court, district courts, and municipal courts of the North Dakota judicial system. He is married and lives in Bismarck. The Bureau serves as the state repository for criminal history record information and maintains and publishes an annual crime report. Today I have learned that Father Pfeifer was arrested, Bishop Folda said in the statement. 2007 Legislation related to Bureau changes from those requesting criminal history fitness checks (S. L. 2007, Ch. Media Contact: Liz Brocker (701) 328-2213. Post Office Box 1054. Attorney Generals Office. Legislation repealed the Board of Managers and the duties of the Board (S.L. The Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI) is the state's central repository for criminal history information, a system that WebIn 1971 the North Dakota State Bureau of Criminal Identification and Apprehension was renamed the Bureau of Criminal Investigation. 134). Please pray for all involved.. Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Agency Head Becky Keller Director Finance and Administration Office North Dakota Office of the Attorney General 600 East Authorities say the investigation into the allegations continues and additional charges are possible. Please remember, though, that the English language version is considered the most accurate. Based on Myers' testimony, here's what police believe happened: Bridges met Clay through work and had a dream one night that Clay and another man were taking cellphone videos and pictures of him. It remained under the authority of the 469). 124).Because of the population increase due to the energy boom legislation allowed agents from the Bureau of Criminal Investigation and the drug enforcement unit to be compensated for overtime hours (S. L. 2009, Ch. Start (SSN) is requested to permit the North Dakota BCI to conduct a background investigation pursuant to N.D.C.C. 266). Along with the creation of a State Superintendent of Criminal Identification in 1933 the Warden at the North Dakota State Penitentiary served as Superintendent. When Dallas was confirmed as US Marshal, filling the position of BCI Director was a priority. 115). Legislation repealed the Board of Managers [NDCC 12-60-02] and the duties of the Board (S. L. 1971, Ch.