Some of these eateries offered entertainment such as sing-song girls, poetry readings, and other delights. The birth of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty re-emphasized by centrality of the family in Confucian teaching. Water transport, however, has always been far cheaper than going over land. It seems indeed more like a Sea than a River. Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) These years saw Hangzhou's golden age of prosperity as it became the capital city of the Southern Song Dynasty. SU SHI (SU DONGPO)THE QUINTESSENTIAL SCHOLAR-OFFICIAL-POET factsanddetails.com; Poverty was more of a problem in crowded cities than in the countryside. In spring and autumn it will become tasty in five to seven days; in winter it takes ten days. ***, restaurants depicted in the Qingming Festival painting, Jacqueline M. Newman wrote in Food in History: More fermented wines, distilled alcohols, and other beverages were developed during Song times. Changzhou's 2023 population is now estimated at 4,728,989. Hangzhou: Population: 64.568 million (4.57 %) [8 th] comparison table: Area: 102,000 km 2 [39,382 mile 2] (1.06 %) [25 th] GDP: th] Neighbors: Shanghai Jiangsu Jiangxi Anhui Fujian: Others or just click on the map: Ancient town of Xitang, Zhejiang. Some of these buildings were multi-story. Li Qingzhao (1084-ca -1151) is a famous Chinese poet who wrote during the Song. If you stop a random person on the street in China, there's a pretty good chance their surname would be either Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu or Chen. They are from Madame Wu's Cookbook and written in paragraph form as they were in the original before translation. [5] Implant the optical fiber (FOC-W-1.25-200-.37-3.0, Inper, Hangzhou, China) above DR for 0.05 mm (AP 4.55 mm, ML 0.44 m, DV 2.75 mm, 10right) (Figures 2J-2L). Preliminary data released. Jakub Halun/Wikimedia Commons/. . The history of Hangzhou's foreign trade in silk, tea, porcelain and other commodities dates back thousands of years. \=/, The spaces separated by the eight sides of the cup also depict in turn the examination results notice, the messenger, climbing the long ladder, climbing the cinnamon branches, and riding a horse across town all scenes from the song. It is one of the most important tourist cities in China, famous for its natural beauty and historical and cultural heritage. Another jade brush wash vessel with a lotus leaf theme that is unearthed from the Southern Song ancestral grave of Shi Sheng in Quzhou. +, Outside the city proper there are businesses of all kinds, selling wine, grain, secondhand goods, cookware, bows and arrows, lanterns, musical instruments, gold and silver, ornaments, dyed fabrics, paintings, medicine, needles, and artifacts, as well as many restaurants. The edge of the lotus leaves curl up slightly, and the veins are finely carved out in intaglio. Another frequently mentioned one is 'in summer, cook meat with only vinegar.' Learn about the 15 most populated cities in China. Known as the House of Silk, the city was one of theseven ancient capitals of China with silk fabrics uncovered in the region dating back 4,700 years to the Neolithic Liangzhu culture (3400-2250 BC). It has a high global . 391), A phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the fifteenth century that would consist of 25 letters; 14 consonants and 11 vowels (Strayer pg. Drain and place in an earthenware jar and top each layer with thirty grains of wild pepper to make the flavor interesting. Hangzhou is the capital city of Zhejiang Province and one of the most populous cities in East China. In the theater houses and in the teahouses it was possible to see mimes, dance spectacles, acrobatics, circuses with animals, and magic shows. SONG DYNASTY CULTURE: TEA-HOUSE THEATER, POETRY AND CHEAP BOOKS factsanddetails.com; It was considered essential that everyone marry, so that family lines would continue and male heirs make offerings of food and drink to their deceased ancestors. A set of practices that required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinate place in a Chinese-centered world order. IMI Hong Kong . You'd better avoid weekends, however, and Chinese public holidays, such as Labor Day (May 1 to 7) and National Day (October 1 to 7). A railway network connects Hangzhou to Shanghai and Ningbo, as well as to Xuanzhou in Anhui province (northwest) and Nanchang in Jiangxi province (southwest). They are here to show how recipes were written then, not to cook them. Nicholas D. Kristof wrote in the New York Times: An ancient 17-foot painted scroll, now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, shows the bustle and prosperity of ancient Kaifeng. Population of Fuyang. At center of each lotus leaf stands a turtle, gazing at each other. [Source: Jacqueline M. Newman, Food in History Fall Volume: 2008 Issue: 15(3) page(s): 20 and 21 ***], One poet, Yu Shipi, wrote about eating plain meat, brains, frog's legs, pigs' knuckles, fish maw, and other exotica. As travellers would settle in other lands, living amongst local people the result would be great cultural exchange and synthesis. For example, in 328 CE, Huili, a Buddhist monk from the Indian Subcontinent established the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, and, late in 330 CE, Fajing Temple. [Source: Wikipedia +], The countryside and the densely populated city are the two main sections in the picture, with the river meandering through the entire length. United Nations population projections are also included through the year 2035. It is the political, economic and cultural center of Zhejiang province as well. 4) Chinese women, we may know, bound their feet; but they did not bind them until the Song. Compared with the data in the sixth national census conducted ten . Significance: The samurai were military forces developed by the Japanese local authorities. Kaifengs stature attracted people from all over the world, including hundreds of Jews. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com, please contact me. Someone near the apex of the bridge lowers a rope to the outstretched arms of the crew below. When Buddhism took solid root in China after the collapse of the Han Dynasty (300-800), some of its Indian values were modified to terms that Chinese people could relate to. 1950 610,000. Pour it over the shrimp. One of the latter that did increase considerably was koumiss, a drink made of mare's milk. Places to enjoy foods and drinks meant increases in places to consume them away from home, and that was why more restaurants were built. One of these places listed two hundred thirty-four famous dishes their guests could choose from. According to Columbia Universitys Asia for Educators: In 742 Chinas population was approximately 50 million, very close to what it had been in 2 CE. Hangzhou's post-reform land use . Of the more than 490,000 pieces that were discovered on the Cirebon, Chinese porcelain accounted for 75% (~367,000 pieces), with 300,000 of those celadon pieces coming from the Yue Kiln. +, National Palace Museum, Taipei description of version of "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" attributed to Zhang Zeduan in their collection; Many of these details are roughly corroborated by Song dynasty writings, principally the Dongjing Meng Hua Lu, which describes many of the same features of life in the capitalThe version here traditionally attributed to Zhang includes such scenes starting from the right as a rustic countryside followed by a colorful bridal procession, the main arched bridge with a market, areas surrounding the city walls, and various bridges and waterfront activities., Chen Pu wrote in On Farming: The ancient kinds who reigned over subjects in all four directions and took advantage of the earth in the right seasons must have had good principles. Some champa, rice, originally introduced from India, was coming to China as a tribute from the Champa state in Vietnam. Largest cities in the world in the year 1000 (estimated population): 1) Cordoba, Spain (450,000); 2) Kaifeng, China (400,000); 3) Constantinople (300,000); 4) Angkor, Cambodia (200,000); 5) Kyoto, Japan (175,000); 6) Cairo (135,000); 7) Baghdad (125,000); 8) Neyshabur, Persia (125,000); 9) Al Hasa, Arabia (110,000); 10) Anhilvada, India; 11) Rayy, near modern-day Tehran (100,000); 12) Isfahan, Persia (100,000); 13) Seville, Spain (90,000); 14) Dali, China (90,000); 15) Thanjavur, India (90,000). These restaurants were originally established in the old capital to serve southerners who were not used to the northern diet. Protect your health and get speedy access to treatment for expats in Hangzhou. The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2022 was 8,045,000, a 2.54% increase from 2021. PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google . (September 2016) . (Strayer pg. (a) What do the men believe is creating the awful smell? hangzhou population 2022what do the colors mean on a golf course Equipping the Believer with a Theological Foundation . Marco Polo reported that it had a population of 1.5 million people, 15 times more than his native Venice and had ten marketplaces, each half a mile long, where 40,000 to 50,000 people would go to shop on any given day, and 10,000 bridges (a later traveler could only find 347). 'Imitation' dishes became popular not just for Buddhist guests but for everyone who wanted to enjoy them. Other foods did, as well. These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Hangzhou, which typically includes Hangzhou's population in addition to adjacent suburban areas. Were it not for this pavement you could not do so, for the country is very low and flat, and after rain tis deep in mire and water. What might have happened if the Allies had made liberating the Jcws a priority early in the war? The Song people had developed the practice of "tea competitions", and the coloring and foam appearing after stirring of the tea were both important criteria considered by the judges. ***, One can get a mental taste of foods then looking at the first two recipes below. Prostitutes lured customers by singing and dancing, and the alleys were lined with fortune-tellers and street musicians. Significance:The canal system was described as "an engineering feat without parallel in the world of its time." Often painters portrayed upper class subjects larger than their servants. In both elite and commoner households, however, women were often in charge of managing the household this involved the management and conservation of grain, cloth, and other goods, and the management of finances. Known as the way of the warrior, it was a distinct set of values for the samurai class that featured great skill in martial arts, bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, and a preference for death over surrender. The metro area population of Guangzhou, Guangdong in 2022 was 13,965,000, a 2.42% increase from 2021. (Strayer pp. But before they did, unusual foods such as yellow sparrows, mussels, crabs, and the heads of pigs were enjoyed fermented from raw or from their cooked states. How long any of these were prepared and/or cooked or how they should look when done, he mentioned not. Such women could entrust their finances to their husbands kinsmen or their own kinsmen, but not all relatives are honorable, and the honorable ones are not necessarily willing to look after other peoples business. They are the finest and largest baths in the world; large enough for 100 persons to bathe togetherAt the opposite side the city is shut in by a channel, perhaps 40 miles in length, very wide, and full of water derived from the river aforesaid, which was made by the ancient kings of the country in order to relieve the river when flooding its banks. What keeps the bridge up is a series of interlocking horizontal and cantilevered beams. [ Secrets of Lost Empires: China Bridge a 2000 PBS program documented the effort by a NOVA-assembled crew of scholars and timber framers to design and build a Chinese bridge known only from an ancient painting [the Beijing qingming scroll]., According to the National Palace Museum, Taipei: The Southern Song enjoyed great economic prosperity. Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang province in East China. The South, with its many rivers and waterways, had an advantage in this respect, but northern cities, too, were served by water transport, often canals. 1195 from Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, edited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey, 2nd ed. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. Silver and gold wine-drinking vessels were important to the Southern Song people, whether in large banquets or just a couple of friends having a drink. Even horses, rabbits, deer, goat, frog, fish and other manners of seafood use increased during Song Dynasty times. Text Sources: Robert Eno, Indiana University /+/ ; Asia for Educators, Columbia University afe.easia.columbia.edu ; University of Washingtons Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization, depts.washington.edu/chinaciv /=\; National Palace Museum, Taipei ; Library of Congress; New York Times; Washington Post; Los Angeles Times; China National Tourist Office (CNTO); Xinhua; China.org; China Daily; Japan News; Times of London; National Geographic; The New Yorker; Time; Newsweek; Reuters; Associated Press; Lonely Planet Guides; Comptons Encyclopedia; Smithsonian magazine; The Guardian; Yomiuri Shimbun; AFP; Wikipedia; BBC. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. For example, Yue Kiln celadon from the early 10th century has been unearthed at sites in Sohar, Oman, and fragments of Yue kiln porcelain and white porcelain bowls from the 9th-10th centuries CE have also been found at Samara on the Tigris River in present day Iraq. 389), The first ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula. Compared to Shanghai's 24 million in less than half of Hangzhou's area, it made sense for me as a China newbie to start small and manageable my forays into China somewhere manageable. In 1020, Kaifeng was home to around a half million people and featured tores that remained open all night, named streets and powerful merchants. The present pagoda has doors on four sides, but people can approach the pagoda only by the steps on the north side. *** [Images: Kaifeng, pagode de fer (Kaifeng Iron Pagoda), Jacques-Edouard Berger Foundation: World Art Treasures Slide Library, has many detailed images of the Kaifeng Iron Pagoda., Rainbow bridges, such as the one that occupies the dramatic center of the Beijing Qingming scroll, are so called because of the way in which the bridge arches, resembling a rainbow. There are crop fields and unhurried rural folkpredominately farmers, goatherds, and pig herdersin bucolic scenery. However, while they were popular, these fermented meat, fish, and vegetable pastes and sauces were used with whole or pieces of chicken, fish, and other animal foods. ***, Jacqueline M. Newman wrote in Food in History:Many anecdotal food canons were published during the Song Dynasty; so were a few recipe books. (Strayer pp. Articles at once utilitarian and creative graced gentlemen's studies and appealed to their aesthetic taste. For if you stay too long in the cottage in the fields, your house will become dilapidated as a result of neglect. Other archaeological finds suggest the possibility of porcelain trade between Hangzhou and regions as far away as the Arabian Peninsula and Iranian Plateau. In general, the capital attracts the greatest variety of goods and has the best craftsmen. to 1450. The Song and Yuan periods are considered by many the high point of painting in China. The city is a noted ancient capital of China and is famed for West Lake and Grand Canal. (The population of London at the time was around 15,000). The Hangzhou statistics bureau on May 17 released the results of the seventh census by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2020, local media outlets reported. The document excerpted below, by an unknown author, describes the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou a city of between seven and eight square miles in 1235: Markets: During the morning hours, markets extend from Tranquility Gate of the palace all the way out to the north and south sides of the New Boulevard. Furthermore, according to local histories, during the first half of the Tang dynasty (618-690 CE), there were merchants from Persia, Egypt, and other regions along the Silk Roads, exchanging jewellery inHangzhou's famous Jewellery Lane. Either large banquets or family gatherings were served in fine table services of gold and silver with exquisite carvings and elaborate motifs. [Source: Jacqueline M. Newman, Food in History Fall Volume: 2008 Issue: 15(3) page(s): 20 and 21 ***], Dr. Jukka O. Miettinen of the Theater Academy Helsinki wrote: In both Song period capitals, in northern Kaifeng and in southern Hangzhou, there were large entertainment or red light districts (wazi, wa-tz) offering any kinds of amusements. Kaifeng did have an external wall, but its population spilled beyond it. . The Song original by Zhang Zeduan at the Palace Museum, Beijing is 25.5 centimeters in height and 5.25 meters long. Shandong is a coast province located in the east of China. The excerpted text is from pages 179-180, 182, and 190-191 of this online text /], And since we have got thither I will enter into particulars about its magnificence; and these are well worth the telling, for the city is beyond dispute the finest and the noblest in the world. All of these are wise and worthy women. These, too, eventually, went out of fashion. 3 (Cambridge University Press); "The Culture and Civilization of China", a massive, multi-volume series, (Yale University Press); "Chronicle of the Chinese Emperor" by Ann Paludan; Housing, Clothing, Cooking, from Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion 1250-1276" by Jacques Gernet (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962. To combat fire in the city, the government stationed 2,000 soldiers at 14 fire stations within the city and more outside it. Both capitals are thought to have had about a million residents. In addition to the shops and diners, there are inns, temples, private residences, and official buildings varying in grandeur and style, from huts to mansions with grand front- and backyards. Developers are "no longer buying up big parcels of land anywhere in the country", says Xiao . The so-called southern style is a misnomer. China was certainly the largest country in the world at the time. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." A portion of Hangzhou's affluent middle class flocked to Tianducheng, wide eyed and with the hopes that its popularity would take off. Snacks became an adored item these days and many kinds were available for purchase, particularly during night markets. The left half is the urban area, which eventually leads into the city proper with the gates. Hangzhou became a distribution centre for many types of wares, with merchants from Fujian and Guangdong importing exotic goods to the city including spices from South East Asia. [Source: Asia for Educators, Columbia University, Consultants Patricia Ebrey and Conrad Schirokauer afe.easia.columbia.edu/song ], According to China.org: Youguo Temple Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng of Henan Province is also known as the Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng. They decreed that five mu of land should be set aside for housing, out of which two and a half mu were for a cottage erected in the center of the fields. A census taken in 1086 recorded 108 million people, more than four times the number of people in all of Europe. [Source: Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa, Book Second, Part III, Chapter LXXVI: Description of the Great City of Kinsay, Which Is the Capital of the Whole Country of Manzi and Book Second, Part III, Chapter LXXVII: Further Particulars Concerning the Great City of Kinsay, in The Book of Ser Marco Polo: The Venetian Concerning Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, translated and edited by Colonel Sir Henry Yule, Volume 2 (London: John Murray, 1903). [3] 1277 - Hangzhou Salt Distribution Commission established. On the inner base of this silver cup is etched the lyrics to "Ta Sha Xing", which mentioned that being awarded top position in an imperial examination is like climbing a long ladder or a magical cinnamon tree, taking one right to the clouds; not only would one gain the admiration of others, one might also win an excellent marriage. Toy peddlers like the one in the scroll were sometimes depicted by painters surrounded by excited children.. During the Yuan Dynasty, Italian merchant, traveller and writer Marco Polo visited Hangzhou describing the city as "beyond dispute the finest and the noblest in the worldThe number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof." The interlinked water plants under the lotus leaf are not only delicately carved decorations but also serve the functions of supporting and enabling lifting of the vessel, further enriching and enlivening the overall design. [Source: Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa, Book Second, Part III, Chapter LXXI: Concerning the City of Sinju and the Great River Kian, in The Book of Ser Marco Polo: The Venetian Concerning Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, translated and edited by Colonel Sir Henry Yule, Volume 2 (London: John Murray, 1903). The Venetian merchant Marco Polo supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. From comparisons of the ceramic products found on the Intan, Cirebon and Belitung shipwrecks, it is clear that after the 10th century CE, the porcelain produced by the Yue Kiln (Northern Zhejiang) surpassed others to become the most important mainstream ware. In a span of 10 years, hospitals in Hangzhou have had only between 1 and 3 autopsies, or even less. Double-cropping came into fashion and rice use was able to increase. These innovations also helped China develop a large permanent urban culture. This serves also as a defence to the city, and the earth dug from it has been thrown inwards, forming a kind of mound enclosing the city. /, cart repair in the Qingming Festival market, According to Marco Polo: In this part are the ten principal markets, though besides these there are a vast number of others in the different parts of the town. The structure of the main building of the mosque is heavily influenced by traditional Chinese architecture whilst at the same time retaining traditional Islamic features. fortuneteller from Qingming Festival painting, According to Columbia Universitys Asia for Educators: The Song period (960-1276) was a time of economic growth, population growth, and urbanization. ***, Meat use expanded. 8 700 000 people Flag of China In February 2022 2023. It was also based on the earlier and broader Mahayana form. They are hot baths, and the people take great delight in them, frequenting them several times a month, for they are very cleanly in their persons. Views of women from the lower classes are quite rare, and this example shows sensitivity towards description of physical imperfections and maintains a sense of dignity in its treatment of the women's expressions. /=\, Womens roles in imperial China varied with age, generational status, the bearing of sons, and with class. A boat approaches at an awkward angle with its mast not completely lowered, threatening to crash into the bridge. Increase in culture due to the fulfilled need of shelter/food In Hangzhou poetry and literature flourished, some of the most significant literary works came from the poets, Lu Yu and Xin Qiji. But the most remarkable are the women who manage a household after their husbands have died leaving them with young children. Hangzhou (; a-tsei in Wu, Hngzhu in Mandarin) is in Zhejiang Province, China. Others were a mite longer such as A Chef's Manual, or the Imperial Food List. It is located on the southern edge of the Sahara, about 8 miles (13 km) north of the Niger River. The profile analyzes Hangzhou's population changes from 1949 to 2013. And let no man marvel that there are so many bridges, for you see the whole city stands as it were in the water and surrounded by water, so that a great many bridges are required to give free passage about it. Camels carried goods from Inner Asia or further west across large desserts. Dozens of cities had 50,000 or more residents, and quite a few had more than 100,000. (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 188-191 ]. She wrote poetry in a new form that had become popular at the time, with irregular lines that were inspired by musical lyrics. Among the 338,000 new residents, the net inflow population accounted for more than 300,000, suggesting . - Capital: Hangzhou - Population: 64.57 million (2020) - GDP: RMB 6.5 trillion (2020) - Colleges and Universities: 109 - Location: Zhejiang is located on the southeast coast of China, facing the East China Sea, with a total area of 105,500 square kilometers. Hangzhou's 2023 population is now estimated at 9,675,019. Hangzhou One of China's most enduringly popular holiday spots, Hngzhu's () dreamy West Lake panoramas and fabulously green hills can easily tempt you into long sojourns. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. It is and one of the central cities in the Yangtze River Delta. Therefore a layer of white foam would often float to the surface of the tea, which would have suited well the black glaze of this tea bowl. At this time Hangzhou was home to the worlds largest artificial canal which was already over 600 years old and stretched almost 800 miles allowing for the transport of grain to Beijing. A Sui dynasty emperor who reigned under reunified China from 581-604 and supported the foreign religion of Buddhism. (Strayer, pp. Beggar's chicken (Chinese name: ) Beggar's chicken is a famous dish in the south of the Yangtze River with long history, especially in Zhejiang and . China has around 18% of the earth's inhabitants and a population of over a billion people. This subject matter was considered auspicious, and was a favorite theme for New Year's pictures given as gifts. Zhengzhou Urban Area Population History. The abacus and the compass were in common use. Black glaze on tea bowls set off the white tea particularly well, and for this reason these tea bowls became extremely popular during the Song Dynasty. This proliferation of the printed word increased scholarship and readership. [Source: Jacqueline M. Newman, Food in History Fall Volume: 2008 Issue: 15(3) page(s): 20 and 21 ***]. WANG ANSHI, HIS REFORMS AND HIS BATTLE WITH SIMA GUANG factsanddetails.com; SONG DYNASTY LIFE factsanddetails.com; Mountains divide warm . Children were highly valued in the Chinese family system. A Celtic tribe is believed to have founded this city on an island in the midst of a river in the latter part of the third century BC. The outer walls, comer pillars, doors, windows and bracket supports are all composed of glazed bricks of various colors. Some cities such as Hangzhou and Kaifeng set up special areas for the sale and distribution of these and other foods. Local industry flourished and worship of Taoism and Buddhism peaked. City Internationalization: Foreign Trade and Investment According to Columbia Universitys Asia for Educators: The quickening of the economy in Song times fueled the growth of cities. Actually it is not made of iron, but of red, brown, blue and green glazed bricks. It is a famous city in history and culture and also an important national tourist city with the beautiful scenery. Shandong has played an important role in China's. From comparisons of the ceramic products found on the Intan, Cirebon and, Other archaeological finds suggest the possibility of porcelain trade between Hangzhou and regions as far away as the Arabian Peninsula and Iranian Plateau. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. This so-called lake-city combined urban form started in the late Qing Dynasty, when the city wall was destroyed and a series of initial modernization efforts were implemented, such as the New Market Plan, West Lake Ring Road, and West Lake Expo (Fu 2016). HANGZHOU, China, May 21 (Reuters) - Signs that China's reforms may be paying off have sprung up in the eastern coastal city of Hangzhou, where a booming high-tech and software sector has fired. Along the walls, mulberry trees can be planted for the breeding of silkworms. Even today, there are some people in Kaifeng who look like other Chinese but who consider themselves Jewish and do not eat pork. [Source: Nicholas D. Kristof, China, the Worlds Capital (From Kaifeng to New York, Glory Is as Ephemeral as Smoke and Clouds, New York Times, May 22, 2005]. Hangzhou's business district by the Qiantang River. 392), A Vietnamese variation of Chinese writing.
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